When
the array of (largely) dysfunctional relationships in The Lord of the Rings was
considered last class, one of us put the matter succinctly, “Are we to
understand that love alone is morally redemptive?” In view of the definition of
love offered by Aquinas – inasmuch as he is a representative voice of the
theological world Tolkien writes from – the question of whether love is
uniquely salvific in Tolkien’s work will be considered through four
relationships. In two of these – that of Sam with Frodo and Aragorn with Arwen –
it is the case that the true love of one of these for the other is the cause of
their salvation, not merely morally but entirely. In two other ‘loves’ – that of
Eowyn for Aragorn and of Denethor for his sons – the imperfection of affection leads
the relationship to a dead-end, figuratively for one and literally for the
other.
Beginning then with a
theological basis for what love must be in its fullness, Aquinas discusses love
in the first article of the twentieth question in the first part of the Summa. Here, in light of the example of
God’s love, Aquinas defines love as that which takes place when one “wills good
to that other” according to their being other. In other words, the highest love
that Tolkien inflects and tests in the relationships he forges is found when
one desires the good of another strictly on the basis of the good of the other.
Although their relationship is not one of the set in consideration here, the
words of Faramir to Eowyn typify this kind of selfless gift and joy in the joy
of another: “But now, were you sorrowless, without fear or any lack, were you
the blissful Queen of Gondor, still I would love you.” In light of her being
other – even if she were the Queen of Gondor – Faramir assures that he would
desire her good, and this is perhaps the most concise statement of love in the
trilogy. On the other hand, any hint of self-interest – when one is unable to
count the good of the other as their own – is the darkening of love, and this
imperfect affection is found throughout The
Lord of the Rings as well.
With
this definition in mind, it is a simple matter to see the salvific work of such
love in the relationship between Sam and Frodo. Even in total ignorance of the
consequences and stakes of their quest, Sam offers with confidence his
willingness to die with his master. So entirely given to achieving the good for
Frodo, Sam gives himself entirely on multiple occasions that demonstrate to
readers the sincerity of his willing only good: when he risks himself by
bearing the Ring, when he carries Frodo up Mount Doom, the images of his
working toward Frodo’s good are almost limitless. As a consequence, in
reflecting on his quest it is as clear to Frodo as it is to us that without the
love of Samwise his salvation from Gollum, Shelob, or even himself would have
never been achieved.
Likewise,
the love of Aragorn for Arwen comes with a salvific effect, in which we see
Tolkien’s conviction that true love is indeed redemptive. Though it is curious
that Aragorn himself is rarely depicted in battle, the transfiguration from
Strider to Aragorn is catalyzed by the news from Elrond that the fate of Arwen –
her good – depends on the fate of the Ring. Admittedly, Aragorn had previously
joined the Fellowship in order to seek the destruction of the Ring, but the
change that takes place in him with this news is undeniable, and the effect of
his heroism following this is indeed the salvation of Arwen when the Dark Lord
is taken by Aragorn’s ploy and Frodo is cleared to destroy the Ring.
Interestingly, the theme of the discussion on Monday was Immortality – yet this
is precisely what Arwen gives up, even after she has been saved in part by the
heroic love of Aragorn. This fact complicates our understanding of salvation as
it emphasizes the distinction between moral redemption and evading death. Aragorn
achieves the greatest good – because she lives, Arwen is given the gift of a
choice to sail west or remain with Aragorn. The fact that she gives up her
immortality reinforces our understanding of the effect of love – being given
good by another without condition.
The
two examples of imperfect loves – Eowyn for Aragorn and Denethor for his sons –
are as touchy as they are clear in their distinction from the loves considered
above. In the first example, Eowyn’s ‘love’ for Aragorn is hardly morally
redemptive, and this because it is not true love. Eowyn’s ‘love’ for Aragorn is
conditioned on his reciprocity – notably, a condition absent in Faramir’s
proclamation of his love for her – without which she has no recourse except to
throw herself toward death (albeit her courage on Pelennor Fields being one of
the noblest and most heroic endeavors of the work). Likewise – though without
any of the pity or commendable traits of Eowyn’s struggle with her affections
for Aragorn – the ‘love’ of Denethor for his sons is conditioned by his own
pride, and when his expectations are dashed he too considers death his only
option. Rather than consider the possibility of achieving a good for his son,
who is not dead but very much alive, Denethor decides to bring them both into
the flames. If Boromir, preeminently, and Faramir will not become the men he
dreams of them to be, then they will be nothing. This, truly, is not love, and
the redemption that takes place for Eowyn and Faramir are the work of the true
selfless working for their good on behalf of another.
The
net of relationships that could be considered as demonstrating true love,
dysfunctional affection, and everything in between, would only continue to show
that the effect of true love in this work is redemption. Tolkien, and Aquinas,
both lived in a world in which Love alone brought about salvation, and the
loves of the men and women of this story in their truest forms are the cause of
Middle Earth’s salvation.
-WK
