While reading about Scyld
Scefing and Tolkien’s study of the Beowulf legend, I had a completely unrelated revelation about how
to think about Tolkien’s method. It
seems obvious, but to me it was a breakthrough moment. That is, that what he takes from legend or another source and why he writes are intimately
related. Thus, finding patterns in what
he takes and what he does with it can bring an understanding of his motivation
to write.
So, first one can think
about what Tolkien does do, and then perhaps get at why. We have discussed how Tolkien includes
fragments from many different sources in his “majestic whole” of the history of
Middle-Earth, these including his general sense of the English mythos as he
feels it should be; individual stories taken from the Celtic, Roman, Christian
traditions, etc.; we notice that Tolkien claims that Christianity as a whole
pervading the world “seems to me fatal” (Letters,
No. 131, p 144), but that “Fall, Mortality, and the Machine” are an
essential connection between the Primary and Secondary Realities. We have discussed this distinction
before: as Tolkien continues, part of
the problem with just putting Christianity directly into a secondary reality is
that it’s too explicit, too already-known.
But I think that the distinction is not just the degree to which the Primary and Secondary overlap; it’s not really
just a question of how subtle the borrowing is.
I’ll get at what I
think actually drives (and doesn’t drive) Tolkien’s borrowing by discussing
allegory. Tolkien says he hates allegory and yet, despite his strong criticism
of blatant symbolic references to other traditions, it is obvious both here—with
Christianity—and elsewhere that he not
only approves of taking inspiration (and even direct plot material!) from such
other sources—but rather, that he finds it necessary
to draw on elements of the primary reality in order to make any secondary
reality plausible and meaningful.
Tolkien is consistent
with his claim of dislike of allegory in that he has little patience for C. S.
Lewis’ work on Narnia, an allegory framed completely by Christian thought and
plot references. (This is mentioned briefly in Letters, No. 265 to David Kolb, S.J., but “Tolkien dislikes Narnia”
also gets about 30,000 hits on Google, many of which explain that Tolkien thought
Lewis’ allegory a possibly dangerous distortion of Christian thought).
On the other hand,
Tolkien’s works are often full of clear appearances by prior ideas: the fall of
Melkor is a prime example in the Silmarillion,
parallel to that of Lucifer in Christian tradition. As we have discussed, there is also in Smith of Wooton Major the moment where
Smith meets a stranger on the road home before recognizing Alf, who is revealed
as the King of Faerie much as Jesus is met on the road to Emmaus in Luke 24).
Like Tolkien, who takes
two contrasting names in his world and, instead of choosing one etymological pattern
over the other, figures out how they fit together into a consistent
historical/etymological whole, let’s reconcile this hate for the allegorical
with the love of borrowing themes and plots.
So, what is the difference between borrowing and making allegory? I think that the
difference is partially in intentions, but that it also comes across in terms
of structure.
Allegory, according to Merriam-Webster, is “a story
in which the characters and events are symbols that stand for ideas about human
life or for a political or historical situation.” So, allegory means that there
are elements in the work that reflect back on the source. Why write allegory, then? It seems to me that the point would be to
deliberately make an argument about something in the Primary Reality.
Tolkien, on the other hand, isn’t trying to make a new argument to describe something that already exists; rather, he’s trying to create something new from something old. So, Tolkien finds pieces of truth and uses them to create new meaningful creation, instead of imposing his own “truth” on the prior work. The result is that the scraps which he recasts are at once familiar and yet new in implications.
In terms of structure,
I have a sense that this difference is expressed in what Tolkien leaves the
same and what he changes. Unfortunately,
this is hard to classify in a general sense, because in both allegory and
sub-creation you could claim that what is kept is the basic plot or character
and then you structure your creativity around it. My sense, though, is that when Tolkien does
this he takes the elements of the real world as assumed and goes somewhere new
with them, instead of structuring the moral to come down on one side or the
other about some already-present issue, as in an Animal Farm-like story. For
example, I don’t think that Tolkien’s creation myth (very similar to the
Judeo-Christian one) has some new implication on how someone is supposed to
think about Christianity. In fact, the
differences make it less a Christian
myth as the elves do not worry about worship or repentance. Rather, it takes the idea of a Fall as given,
and plays it out in a new way.
When I say that Tolkien’s writings don’t argue about source works, I don’t mean
that he doesn’t have themes develop which reveal perspectives on how things are. I mean instead that these perspectives are
more taken as given and incorporated as a believable part of the story, than
forcing the story to unfold in a way that makes them evident. Take, for
instance, two occasions: the Smith giving
up the fay star in “Smith of Wooton Major”, and Bilbo giving up the One Ring in
“Lord of the Rings”. In each case the
attraction of the object gets in the way of the initial giving. In each case a point is made about free
will: Bilbo is able to make the choice
even when it is very difficult, with just a little help. The Faerie King acknowledges that, if Smith
desired, he could choose a different (but presumably suboptimal) child to get
the fay star. So Tolkien here has
characters with a degree of free will, an idea which goes back as far or
farther as the Judeo-Christian creation story—but there does not, to me, seem to
be a claim about free will other than
asserting that it exists. This seems to
me more an inclusion of an idea to build a scenario than building a scenario to
make a point.
I have one last thing to touch on, which maybe could
be expanded later: I think that this
ideal of writing fits in very much with Tolkien’s distinction between the Elven
Art and Sauron’s Magic. He writes:
Galadriel is obliged to
remonstrate with the Hobbits on their confused use of the word [Magic] for both
the devices and operations of the Enemy, and for those of the Elves…the Elves
are there (in my tales) to demonstrate the difference. Their magic is Art…And its object is Art not
Power, sub-creation not domination and tyrannous re-forming of Creation (Letters No. 131, p 146).
Allegory can be used to describe Tolkien’s writing
only in the same sense that Magic can be used to describe the Elves, in this
context. What allegory actually has is
that same sense of Power that Sauron’s magic does—power to re-shape belief and
perception of the Primary Reality, for better perhaps in intent (as if
Galadriel were to take the One Ring to ‘save’ Middle-Earth, or as if C. S.
Lewis were to re-shape Christian mythos to ‘bring children to Christ’) but
ultimately worse in that it distorts with rhetoric ideas which Tolkien believes
are best left pure.
Instead,
Tolkien writes to sub-create: to craft through Art (and through art) a piece of
that “majestic whole” which goes beyond the Primary Reality while being rooted
in its natural, undistorted Truth.
--H. A. K. Stone
3 comments:
Great post! I think you brought up some very good points and discussed a subject that is very close to me: The Chronicles of Narnia and allegory. One could argue that Narnia was intended to be more evangelical and point readers toward Christianity, which gives Narnia a charm of it’s own. Even though Tolkien disliked Narnia (which is one of the only points ever that I disagree with him on) and also disliked allegory, The Lord of the Rings is perhaps completely different. Nowhere in On Fairy Stories does Tolkien say that a function of faerie stories is to point people towards a certain goal or, in this case, to Christ. I think Tolkien could be wrong about Narnia, firstly because Narnia accomplished it’s allegorical agenda on me. I would not be the Christian I am today without Lewis’ story. I would also not be the Christian I am without Tolkien’s story. Both stories have shaped my life in different ways. Narnia helped me to understand the message of the gospel in very real and personal ways, while LOTR helped (and continues to help) me grow in faith and identify Christian principles to put into practice.
I like your point about Tolkien trying to “create something new from something old.” I think that may be why he dislikes allegory, because it is perhaps unoriginal in some way. After all how could the Great Story of Christianity be retold by allegory? I think C.S. Lewis accomplished it, in his own creative way, despite not fitting Tolkien’s idea of a fairy story.
Thanks for your post and I enjoyed reading it!
~K. Kohm
Thank you for getting the conversation started about Tolkien's feelings about allegory! I am sure that this is a subject we will return to many times this quarter. I particularly liked the framing of this problem as a meditation on free-will. I wonder, though, about this passage:
“So Tolkien here has characters with a degree of free will, an idea which goes back as far or farther as the Judeo-Christian creation story—but there does not, to me, seem to be a claim about free will other than asserting that it exists. This seems to me more an inclusion of an idea to build a scenario than building a scenario to make a point.”
I take your point as to the “building of a scenario” which includes certain ideas, rather than constructing a scenario to make a specific claim about that idea—this feels very Tolkien-y indeed. But I'm not sure I'd take it so far as to say that as a consequence “free will” is just an artifact of the Bilbo/ring or Smith/star scenarios, or perhaps I'm misunderstanding what you mean here. I don't think I'd agree that Tolkien is making NO claim about the nature of free will, and just noting its existence—I rather think you were on a more convincing track earlier where you note that “In each case a point is made about free will: Bilbo is able to make the choice even when it is very difficult, with just a little help. The Faerie King acknowledges that, if Smith desired, he could choose a different (but presumably suboptimal) child to get the fay star.” These seem to me to be making very strong statements about the nature of free will—Bilbo chooses willingly and un-coerced to give up the ring, but does require urging. This is perhaps to say something about how “choosing freely” is not the same as choosing without opposition or encouragement. Smith is free to choose rightly or wrongly, and his decision would have stood. I think the problem of "free will" is far to complex to simply exist as a given!
I do think it is interesting that you keyed in on the problem of free will as an example, because I always think that it is not simply the simplicity and lack of subtlety of a one-to-one correlation that Tolkien rejects about allegory, but, as he says in the preface to LoTR, his complaint is that it allows for no freedom on the part of the reader to feel the applicability of aspects of the story –rather, allegory is the “purposed domination of the author” on the reader's experience.
You've certainly gotten me thinking...
--Jenna
This analysis really helps when grappling with how what Tolkien is doing differs from allegory, as it is a distinction that is often unclear or confusing. I think the central distinction you draw is spot on with regards to how Tolkien views his creative process. He is definitively not trying to retell or explain the story of the Gospels in new terms, at least in the sense that Lewis was (N.B. I wouldn’t claim that Narnia is a retelling of the Gospels per se, but it mirrors them much more than The Lord of the Rings). Tolkien’s works are much more about the (sub)creation of something new from the old. In order to do this, however, you need building blocks to start with.
The building blocks in this case are the truths expressed in his “source” stories. Tolkien takes some fundamental truths from the Gospels, or from Old/Middle English epics, etc. and incorporates those truths into his stories. That this incorporation often mirrors the original I think is more accidental than deliberate: the Sam’s revelation about his place in the old stories resembles the disciples revelation of the same on the road to Emmaus makes sense in that it is the only sensible way to express some truth about conversion. In this way, it is not so much that Tolkien is drawing on the Gospels for inspiration, but rather he and the Gospels draw on the same truths in their stories (even if he came to know those truths through the Gospels). As a final thought, this reminds me a lot of what we do in class: we attempt to take some truth expressed in Tolkien’s works and apply them to our understanding of other things.
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